Cybersecurity – Definition, Threats & How to Stay Safe Online

Adware

Adware is software that displays intrusive advertisements on devices, often bundled with free applications. While some adware is merely annoying, others track user activity, collect browsing data, and redirect traffic to malicious sites. It can slow down system performance and increase security risks by exposing users to fraudulent ads and scams.

AI in Cybersecurity

Artificial intelligence (AI) enhances cybersecurity by automating threat detection, analyzing attack patterns, and improving real-time defenses. However, cybercriminals also exploit AI to create sophisticated malware, deepfakes, and automated phishing attacks. While AI strengthens security, it also introduces new vulnerabilities that require advanced countermeasures.

Antivirus

Antivirus software scans for, detects, and removes malicious programs such as viruses, Trojans, and worms. It operates through signature-based detection, heuristic analysis, and real-time monitoring to prevent infections. Modern antivirus solutions also offer additional security features like firewalls, ransomware protection, and safe browsing tools.

Anti-Malware

Anti-malware software provides advanced protection against a wide range of threats, including spyware, ransomware, keyloggers, and rootkits. Unlike traditional antivirus solutions, anti-malware tools focus on detecting and eliminating evolving cyber threats. Real-time scanning and behavioral analysis help prevent malicious programs from infiltrating systems and stealing sensitive data.

Catfishing

Catfishing is a deceptive practice where scammers create fake online identities to manipulate victims for financial gain, emotional exploitation, or fraud. These impersonators often operate on social media, dating apps, and online communities, building trust before requesting money, gifts, or personal information.

Cryptojacking

Cryptojacking is a cyberattack in which hackers secretly use a victim’s device to mine cryptocurrency. This unauthorized mining consumes system resources, slowing down performance and increasing electricity usage. Cryptojacking malware often spreads through malicious websites, software downloads, or browser extensions.

Scams

Scams are fraudulent schemes designed to deceive individuals into giving away money, personal data, or access to secure accounts. Scammers use phishing emails, fake investment opportunities, romance scams, and identity fraud to exploit victims. Staying informed about common scam tactics is key to avoiding financial loss.

Dark Web

The dark web is a hidden part of the internet that requires specialized software like Tor to access. It is often used for anonymous communication but is also a hub for cybercriminal activity, including the sale of stolen data, illicit goods, and hacking services.

Data Breaches

A data breach occurs when hackers gain unauthorized access to sensitive information stored in databases, online systems, or cloud services. Exposed data can include personal details, passwords, financial records, and confidential business information, often leading to identity theft and fraud.

DDoS Attacks

Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks flood websites or online services with excessive traffic, overwhelming servers and causing disruptions. Attackers use botnets—networks of infected devices—to generate the massive influx of requests, rendering targeted services inaccessible.

Deepfakes

Deepfakes use AI-generated synthetic media to manipulate videos, images, or audio recordings, making them appear real. Cybercriminals use deepfakes for identity fraud, misinformation campaigns, blackmail, and social engineering attacks. Advances in AI make deepfake detection increasingly challenging.

Hacking

Hacking involves unauthorized access to computer systems, networks, or accounts, often for financial gain, espionage, or data theft. While ethical hackers help strengthen cybersecurity, malicious hackers exploit vulnerabilities to steal information, spread malware, or disrupt services.

Identity Theft

Identity theft occurs when cybercriminals steal personal information—such as Social Security numbers, credit card details, and login credentials—to commit fraud. Stolen identities can be used to open accounts, make unauthorized purchases, or access financial services.

Keyloggers

Keyloggers are malicious programs that secretly record keystrokes to steal sensitive information, including passwords, banking details, and personal messages. Keyloggers can be installed via malware infections, phishing attacks, or compromised hardware.

Malware

Malware is malicious software designed to infiltrate, damage, or control computer systems. Common types of malware include viruses, Trojans, ransomware, spyware, and worms. Cybercriminals use malware to steal data, disrupt operations, and gain unauthorized access to devices.

Pharming

Pharming attacks redirect users from legitimate websites to fraudulent sites designed to steal login credentials, financial data, or personal information. These attacks exploit DNS vulnerabilities or use malware to alter a device’s network settings.

Phishing

Phishing is a cyberattack where scammers send deceptive emails, text messages, or website links to trick users into providing sensitive information. Phishing messages often impersonate banks, government agencies, or trusted companies to steal passwords and financial data.

Ransomware

Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts files or locks devices, demanding a ransom payment for data recovery. Cybercriminals target businesses, hospitals, and individuals, often using phishing emails or software vulnerabilities to spread infections. Paying the ransom does not guarantee file restoration.

Sextortion

Sextortion is a form of online blackmail where criminals threaten to release explicit photos or videos unless the victim pays money or complies with demands. Attackers may obtain images through hacking, social engineering, or deception. Victims should report sextortion and avoid engaging with perpetrators.

Social Engineering

Social engineering exploits human psychology to manipulate individuals into revealing confidential information, granting unauthorized access, or making security mistakes. Attackers use deception, impersonation, and emotional pressure to carry out these attacks.

Spoofing

Spoofing is when attackers disguise themselves as a trusted entity—such as a legitimate website, email sender, or phone number—to trick victims into revealing personal data. Common forms include email spoofing, caller ID spoofing, and website cloning.

Spyware

Spyware is a type of malware that secretly monitors and collects user activity, often used to steal personal information, financial details, or login credentials. Spyware can be bundled with software downloads, malicious links, or phishing emails.

Trojan

A Trojan is a type of malware disguised as legitimate software that, once installed, performs malicious activities such as stealing data, granting remote access, or downloading additional malware. Trojans often spread through email attachments, pirated software, or fake updates.

VPN

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) encrypts internet traffic, enhancing privacy and security by masking users’ IP addresses and preventing online tracking. VPNs protect against hackers, ISP surveillance, and geo-restrictions, making them essential for secure browsing.